Recommended Checklist for Information Security and Network Security Managers (500+ Items)

This comprehensive checklist provides essential guidelines for information security and network security managers to effectively design, implement, and maintain robust security strategies within their organizations. By adhering to these recommendations, you can significantly enhance your cybersecurity posture and protect critical assets.

1. Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC)

1.1. Information Security Management System (ISMS)

• **1.1.1. ISMS Scope Definition:**
  • 1.1.1.1. Clearly define the ISMS scope (organization, departments, systems, information).
  • 1.1.1.2. Align ISMS objectives with business objectives.
  • 1.1.1.3. Document and maintain the ISMS scope.
• **1.1.2. Leadership and Management Commitment:**
  • 1.1.2.1. Demonstrate top management commitment to the ISMS.
  • 1.1.2.2. Assign security roles, responsibilities, and authorities.
  • 1.1.2.3. Allocate necessary resources for the ISMS (human, financial, technological).
• **1.1.3. Security Policies and Procedures:**
  • 1.1.3.1. Create and approve a comprehensive information security policy.
  • 1.1.3.2. Develop detailed procedures for policy implementation.
  • 1.1.3.3. Regularly review and update policies and procedures (at least annually).
  • 1.1.3.4. Ensure policies are accessible and understandable to all employees.
  • 1.1.3.5. Promote a culture of information security within the organization.
• **1.1.4. ISMS Continual Improvement:**
  • 1.1.4.1. Establish measurable security objectives.
  • 1.1.4.2. Regularly measure and monitor security performance.
  • 1.1.4.3. Use feedback from incidents and vulnerabilities for improvement.
  • 1.1.4.4. Conduct internal audits and management reviews to assess ISMS effectiveness.

1.2. Security Risk Management (NIST SP 800-37, ISO 27005)

• **1.2.1. Risk Management Framework:**
  • 1.2.1.1. Define and document a formal risk management framework.
  • 1.2.1.2. Determine approaches for risk identification, analysis, evaluation, treatment, and monitoring.
• **1.2.2. Risk Identification and Assessment:**
  • 1.2.2.1. Identify and value information assets (data, systems, infrastructure).
  • 1.2.2.2. Identify potential threats (human, natural, cyber).
  • 1.2.2.3. Identify existing vulnerabilities in systems and processes.
  • 1.2.2.4. Assess the likelihood and impact of each risk.
  • 1.2.2.5. Create risk profiles for different systems and departments.
• **1.2.3. Risk Response:**
  • 1.2.3.1. Determine risk response strategies for each risk (acceptance, mitigation, transfer, avoidance).
  • 1.2.3.2. Select and implement appropriate security controls to mitigate risks.
  • 1.2.3.3. Develop and execute risk mitigation plans.
• **1.2.4. Risk Monitoring and Review:**
  • 1.2.4.1. Continuously monitor risks to detect changes in risk levels.
  • 1.2.4.2. Review risk assessments regularly (e.g., annually) or after significant changes.
  • 1.2.4.3. Provide risk reports to senior management.

1.3. Regulatory Compliance (GDPR, HIPAA, PCI-DSS, CCPA, SOX)

• **1.3.1. Identify Compliance Requirements:**
  • 1.3.1.1. Identify all relevant laws, regulations, standards, and contractual obligations.
  • 1.3.1.2. Evaluate the impact of compliance requirements on information security operations.
• **1.3.2. Implement Compliance Controls:**
  • 1.3.2.1. Implement necessary controls to meet compliance requirements.
  • 1.3.2.2. Document and maintain evidence of compliance.
• **1.3.3. Compliance Auditing and Reporting:**
  • 1.3.3.1. Conduct internal and external audits to assess compliance.
  • 1.3.3.2. Prepare compliance reports for internal and external stakeholders.
  • 1.3.3.3. Cooperate with regulatory bodies and respond to their requests.
• **1.3.4. Personal Data Management (GDPR, CCPA):**
  • 1.3.4.1. Establish personal data protection policies.
  • 1.3.4.2. Obtain consent for the collection and processing of personal data.
  • 1.3.4.3. Ensure individuals' rights regarding their data (access, correction, deletion).
  • 1.3.4.4. Conduct Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA) for new projects.

2. Network and Infrastructure Security (SANS Top 20, NIST SP 800-53)

2.1. Network Design and Implementation

• **2.1.1. Secure Network Architecture:**
  • 2.1.1.1. Logically segment the network (VLANs, DMZ, Micro-segmentation).
  • 2.1.1.2. Apply least privilege principles in network design.
  • 2.1.1.3. Provide complete documentation of the network architecture.
• **2.1.2. Network Device Configuration:**
  • 2.1.2.1. Change default passwords on all network devices.
  • 2.1.2.2. Disable unnecessary ports and services.
  • 2.1.2.3. Use secure protocols like SSH and HTTPS for management.
  • 2.1.2.4. Regularly update device OS and Firmware.
• **2.1.3. Firewalls and IDS/IPS:**
  • 2.1.3.1. Deploy Next-Generation Firewalls (NGFW) at strategic network points.
  • 2.1.3.2. Configure firewall rules based on business needs and the principle of least privilege.
  • 2.1.3.3. Deploy Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS) for traffic monitoring.
  • 2.1.3.4. Regularly update IDS/IPS signatures.
  • 2.1.3.5. Regularly review firewall and IDS/IPS rules.

2.2. Wireless Security (Wi-Fi)

• **2.2.1. Wi-Fi Encryption:**
  • 2.2.1.1. Use WPA3 or at least WPA2-Enterprise with 802.1X for wireless networks.
  • 2.2.1.2. Use strong passwords for wireless networks (if using WPA2-Personal).
• **2.2.2. Wireless Network Isolation:**
  • 2.2.2.1. Isolate guest wireless networks from the internal corporate network.
  • 2.2.2.2. Use VLANs to segment wireless traffic.
• **2.2.3. Access Point (AP) Security:**
  • 2.2.3.1. Place APs in secure locations to prevent unauthorized physical access.
  • 2.2.3.2. Manage APs via secure channels (SSH, HTTPS).
  • 2.2.3.3. Enable internal security features of APs (e.g., MAC filtering).

2.3. Remote Access Management (VPN)

• **2.3.1. Secure VPN Implementation:**
  • 2.3.1.1. Use strong VPN protocols like IPsec or SSL/TLS VPN.
  • 2.3.1.2. Enforce Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for VPN access.
  • 2.3.1.3. Restrict VPN access to essential resources only.
• **2.3.2. VPN Endpoint Security:**
  • 2.3.2.1. Ensure devices connecting via VPN are updated and have active security software.
  • 2.3.2.2. Apply BYOD security policies for devices connecting via VPN.

2.4. DNS Security

• **2.4.1. DNSSEC Implementation:**
  • 2.4.1.1. Implement DNSSEC for internal and external DNS servers.
  • 2.4.1.2. Monitor DNS traffic for suspicious activities.
• **2.4.2. DNS Filtering:**
  • 2.4.2.1. Use DNS filtering to block access to known malicious domains.

3. Identity and Access Management (IAM)

3.1. Identity Lifecycle Management

• **3.1.1. Provisioning and Deprovisioning:**
  • 3.1.1.1. Establish a formal process for user access provisioning and deprovisioning.
  • 3.1.1.2. Revoke user access immediately upon role change or termination.
  • 3.1.1.3. Regularly review and disable inactive user accounts.
• **3.1.2. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC):**
  • 3.1.2.1. Clearly define roles and responsibilities and assign access based on roles.
  • 3.1.2.2. Use the principle of least privilege for access assignments.
  • 3.1.2.3. Regularly review access matrices.

3.2. Authentication and Authorization

• **3.2.1. Strong Password Policies:**
  • 3.2.1.1. Enforce password complexity, length, and expiration.
  • 3.2.1.2. Prevent password reuse.
  • 3.2.1.3. Use hashing and salting for password storage in databases.
• **3.2.2. Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA):**
  • 3.2.2.1. Enforce MFA for all user accounts, especially administrative and remote access accounts.
  • 3.2.2.2. Use phishing-resistant MFA solutions (e.g., FIDO2).
• **3.2.3. Privileged Access Management (PAM):**
  • 3.2.3.1. Identify and isolate privileged accounts.
  • 3.2.3.2. Use PAM solutions to manage, monitor, and record privileged account activities.
  • 3.2.3.3. Regularly review privileged accounts.

3.3. Access Monitoring and Auditing

• **3.3.1. User Activity Monitoring:**
  • 3.3.1.1. Monitor and log user activities, especially privileged user activities.
  • 3.3.1.2. Use User Behavior Analytics (UBA) tools to identify suspicious patterns.
• **3.3.2. Access Auditing:**
  • 3.3.2.1. Conduct periodic access audits to verify that users only have necessary access.
  • 3.3.2.2. Maintain audit logs for compliance purposes.

4. Data Security

4.1. Data Classification and Labeling

• **4.1.1. Data Classification Policy:**
  • 4.1.1.1. Create a data classification policy based on data sensitivity and importance (public, internal, confidential, top secret).
  • 4.1.1.2. Classify data based on the policy.
• **4.1.2. Data Labeling:**
  • 4.1.2.1. Label data with appropriate tags corresponding to their classification.
  • 4.1.2.2. Use both automated and manual labeling.

4.2. Data Encryption

• **4.2.1. Data at Rest Encryption:**
  • 4.2.1.1. Enforce Full Disk Encryption (FDE) for laptops and workstations.
  • 4.2.1.2. Encrypt sensitive data in databases and file systems.
  • 4.2.1.3. Use Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) for cryptographic key management.
• **4.2.2. Data in Transit Encryption:**
  • 4.2.2.1. Use secure protocols like TLS/SSL, IPsec, SSH to protect data in transit.
  • 4.2.2.2. Regularly update SSL/TLS certificates.
• **4.2.3. Cryptographic Key Management:**
  • 4.2.3.1. Implement a cryptographic key management policy (generation, storage, distribution, archiving, destruction).
  • 4.2.3.2. Store cryptographic keys in secure and separate locations.

4.3. Data Loss Prevention (DLP)

• **4.3.1. DLP Solution Deployment:**
  • 4.3.1.1. Deploy DLP solutions to monitor and prevent unauthorized transfer of sensitive data.
  • 4.3.1.2. Configure DLP rules for various channels (email, USB, network, cloud).
• **4.3.2. DLP Monitoring and Reporting:**
  • 4.3.2.1. Monitor and analyze DLP events.
  • 4.3.2.2. Generate regular DLP reports to identify data breach patterns.

4.4. Data Backup and Recovery

• **4.4.1. Backup Policy:**
  • 4.4.1.1. Define a comprehensive backup policy (what, where, how, when, who).
  • 4.4.1.2. Implement regular backups of all critical data.
  • 4.4.1.3. Store backups in secure locations (including offsite and air-gapped).
• **4.4.2. Recovery Testing:**
  • 4.4.2.1. Regularly test data recovery procedures to ensure recoverability.
  • 4.4.2.2. Develop and test Disaster Recovery Plans (DRPs).
• **4.4.3. Backup Protection:**
  • 4.4.3.1. Encrypt backup data.
  • 4.4.3.2. Restrict access to backup data.

5. Software and Secure Development Security (DevSecOps, OWASP)

5.1. Secure Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

• **5.1.1. Integrating Security into SDLC:**
  • 5.1.1.1. Integrate security into every phase of the SDLC (design, development, testing, deployment, maintenance).
  • 5.1.1.2. Use DevSecOps methodologies to automate security controls.
• **5.1.2. Security Requirements Analysis:**
  • 5.1.2.1. Define security requirements in the project design phase.
  • 5.1.2.2. Conduct Threat Modeling to identify design vulnerabilities.

5.2. Secure Coding

• **5.2.1. Secure Coding Standards:**
  • 5.2.1.1. Define and train developers on secure coding standards.
  • 5.2.1.2. Follow OWASP Top 10 guidelines to prevent common web vulnerabilities.
• **5.2.2. Code Analysis Tools:**
  • 5.2.2.1. Use Static Application Security Testing (SAST) tools for source code analysis.
  • 5.2.2.2. Use Dynamic Application Security Testing (DAST) tools for analyzing running applications.
  • 5.2.2.3. Use Software Composition Analysis (SCA) tools to identify vulnerabilities in third-party libraries.

5.3. Application Security Testing

• **5.3.1. Web Application Penetration Testing:**
  • 5.3.1.1. Conduct regular penetration testing of web applications based on OWASP Top 10 and other vulnerabilities.
  • 5.3.1.2. Use tools like Burp Suite and OWASP ZAP.
• **5.3.2. API Security Testing:**
  • 5.3.2.1. Test APIs for vulnerabilities (e.g., Broken Authentication, Mass Assignment).
  • 5.3.2.2. Use appropriate security controls for APIs (authentication, rate limiting, input validation).

5.4. Secure Deployment and Maintenance

• **5.4.1. Secure Deployment:**
  • 5.4.1.1. Use automated and secure deployment processes.
  • 5.4.1.2. Keep deployment environments isolated and secure.
• **5.4.2. Post-Deployment Monitoring and Maintenance:**
  • 5.4.2.1. Monitor applications for new vulnerabilities and potential exploits.
  • 5.4.2.2. Promptly address identified security vulnerabilities and flaws.
  • 5.4.2.3. Use a Web Application Firewall (WAF) to protect web applications.

6. Vulnerability Management and Patching

6.1. Vulnerability Identification

• **6.1.1. Vulnerability Scanners:**
  • 6.1.1.1. Regularly run vulnerability scanners on systems, networks, and applications.
  • 6.1.1.2. Analyze scan results for prioritization and remediation.
• **6.1.2. Vulnerability Information Sharing (CVE):**
  • 6.1.2.1. Monitor vulnerability information sources (CVE, NVD).
  • 6.1.2.2. Use vulnerability management systems to track and manage vulnerabilities.

6.2. Patch Management

• **6.2.1. Patch Management Process:**
  • 6.2.1.1. Establish a formal process for patch management (identification, testing, deployment, verification).
  • 6.2.1.2. Regularly apply security updates and patches for operating systems, applications, and firmware.
• **6.2.2. Patch Testing:**
  • 6.2.2.1. Test patches in sandbox or test environments before deploying to production.
  • 6.2.2.2. Ensure patches do not introduce new issues.
• **6.2.3. Patch Management Automation:**
  • 6.2.3.1. Use automation tools for patch distribution and application.
  • 6.2.3.2. Regularly review patch status reports.

6.3. Penetration Testing

• **6.3.1. Penetration Test Planning:**
  • 6.3.1.1. Conduct penetration tests regularly (at least annually) or after significant system changes.
  • 6.3.1.2. Define the scope, objectives, and methodology of the penetration test.
  • 6.3.1.3. Collaborate with ethical hackers holding reputable certifications (CEH).
• **6.3.2. Penetration Test Execution:**
  • 6.3.2.1. Use advanced tools like Metasploit and Burp Suite.
  • 6.3.2.2. Penetration testing should include Black-box, Grey-box, and White-box scenarios.
• **6.3.3. Reporting and Remediation:**
  • 6.3.3.1. Prepare detailed reports of penetration test findings (vulnerabilities, exploits, recommendations).
  • 6.3.3.2. Remediate identified vulnerabilities based on priority.

7. Cloud Security

7.1. Shared Responsibility Model

• **7.1.1. Understanding the Shared Responsibility Model:**
  • 7.1.1.1. Understand your security responsibilities in each cloud service model (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS).
  • 7.1.1.2. Ensure Service Level Agreements (SLAs) include security requirements.

7.2. Cloud Security Configuration

• **7.2.1. Identity and Access Management in Cloud (IAM):**
  • 7.2.1.1. Use cloud provider's IAM for access management.
  • 7.2.1.2. Enforce Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) for cloud accounts.
  • 7.2.1.3. Apply the principle of least privilege for cloud access.
• **7.2.2. Cloud Network Security:**
  • 7.2.2.1. Segment virtual networks (VPC/VNet).
  • 7.2.2.2. Use Security Groups and Network ACLs to control traffic.
• **7.2.3. Data Encryption in Cloud:**
  • 7.2.3.1. Encrypt data at rest and in transit in the cloud.
  • 7.2.3.2. Use cloud Key Management Services (KMS).

7.3. Cloud Security Monitoring and Governance

• **7.3.1. Cloud Security Tools (CSPM, CWPP):**
  • 7.3.1.1. Use Cloud Security Posture Management (CSPM) for monitoring security configurations.
  • 7.3.1.2. Use Cloud Workload Protection Platforms (CWPP) to protect workloads in the cloud.
• **7.3.2. Cloud Log Monitoring:**
  • 7.3.2.1. Collect and analyze cloud activity logs (CloudTrail, Azure Monitor).
  • 7.3.2.2. Integrate these logs with your internal SIEM.
• **7.3.3. Multi-Cloud Security:**
  • 7.3.3.1. Develop a unified security strategy for multi-cloud environments.
  • 7.3.3.2. Use multi-cloud security management tools.

8. Incident Response and Business Continuity

8.1. Incident Response Plan (IRP)

• **8.1.1. Incident Response Team (CSIRT/CERT):**
  • 8.1.1.1. Form and train an Incident Response Team (CSIRT/CERT).
  • 8.1.1.2. Define roles, responsibilities, and contact points within the team.
• **8.1.2. Incident Response Phases (NIST SP 800-61):**
  • 8.1.2.1. **Preparation:** (Information gathering, tools, training)
    • 8.1.2.1.1. Prepare a set of necessary tools and software for incident response.
    • 8.1.2.1.2. Create internal and external communication plans.
  • 8.1.2.2. **Identification:** (Monitoring, detection, categorization)
    • 8.1.2.2.1. Monitor for Indicators of Compromise (IoC).
    • 8.1.2.2.2. Categorize incidents based on severity and impact.
  • 8.1.2.3. **Containment:** (Isolation, stopping infiltration)
    • 8.1.2.3.1. Isolate infected systems from the network.
    • 8.1.2.3.2. Take action to prevent the attack from spreading.
  • 8.1.2.4. **Eradication and Recovery:** (Analysis, threat elimination)
    • 8.1.2.4.1. Identify and remove the root cause of the incident.
    • 8.1.2.4.2. Remove malware and backdoors from systems.
  • 8.1.2.5. **Recovery:** (Reconstruction, return to normal operation)
    • 8.1.2.5.1. Rebuild systems and restore them to operational status.
    • 8.1.2.5.2. Verify that systems are clean and secure.
  • 8.1.2.6. **Lessons Learned:** (Review, improvement)
    • 8.1.2.6.1. Conduct a post-mortem review after each incident.
    • 8.1.2.6.2. Document lessons learned to improve security processes.

8.2. Business Continuity Planning (BCP) and Disaster Recovery Planning (DRP)

• **8.2.1. Business Impact Analysis (BIA):**
  • 8.2.1.1. Identify critical business processes and their dependencies.
  • 8.2.1.2. Define Recovery Time Objectives (RTO) and Recovery Point Objectives (RPO) for each process.
• **8.2.2. BCP/DRP Development:**
  • 8.2.2.1. Develop BCP and DRP plans for various disaster scenarios (cyber, natural).
  • 8.2.2.2. Clearly document recovery steps, roles, and responsibilities.
• **8.2.3. BCP/DRP Testing and Maintenance:**
  • 8.2.3.1. Regularly test BCP/DRP plans (e.g., annually) through tabletop exercises and full-scale drills.
  • 8.2.3.2. Update plans based on test results and organizational changes.

9. Security Awareness and Training

9.1. Security Awareness Program

• **9.1.1. Initial Training:**
  • 9.1.1.1. Provide mandatory cybersecurity training for all new employees.
  • 9.1.1.2. Key topics should include policies, passwords, phishing, social engineering, and incident reporting.
• **9.1.2. Continuous Training:**
  • 9.1.2.1. Provide regular security awareness training (monthly, quarterly, annually) for all employees.
  • 9.1.2.2. Use diverse formats (videos, infographics, educational games).
• **9.1.3. Phishing and Social Engineering Simulations:**
  • 9.1.3.1. Conduct regular phishing simulation exercises to gauge employee awareness.
  • 9.1.3.2. Provide targeted feedback and training for those who fail simulations.

9.2. Specialized Security Training

• **9.2.1. Security Team Training:**
  • 9.2.1.1. Provide specialized training and reputable certifications (CEH, CISM, CISA, CRISC, CCNA, Network+) for the security team.
  • 9.2.1.2. Ensure proficiency in programming skills (Python, Java) and analysis tools (Wireshark, Metasploit).
• **9.2.2. Developer Training:**
  • 9.2.2.1. Provide secure coding and OWASP Top 10 training for developers.
• **9.2.3. Management Training:**
  • 9.2.3.1. Provide high-level training on cyber risks and compliance requirements for senior management.

10. Physical and Environmental Security

10.1. Physical Access Control

• **10.1.1. Access Restriction:**
  • 10.1.1.1. Restrict physical access to server rooms, data centers, and sensitive areas.
  • 10.1.1.2. Use access controls (card readers, biometrics).
• **10.1.2. Monitoring and Surveillance:**
  • 10.1.2.1. Install Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) at entry points and sensitive areas.
  • 10.1.2.2. Maintain and review physical access logs.

10.2. Environmental Protection

• **10.2.1. Climate Control:**
  • 10.2.1.1. Control temperature and humidity in data centers and server rooms.
• **10.2.2. Fire Suppression:**
  • 10.2.2.1. Install appropriate fire suppression systems (clean agent gas, water-based systems).
  • 10.2.2.2. Regularly test and maintain fire suppression systems.
• **10.2.3. Power Supply:**
  • 10.2.3.1. Use UPS and backup generators for stable power supply.
  • 10.2.3.2. Implement surge protection.

11. Supply Chain Management and Third-Party Risk

11.1. Supplier Risk Assessment

• **11.1.1. Assessment Procedure:**
  • 11.1.1.1. Create a procedure for security assessment of suppliers and third parties.
  • 11.1.1.2. Conduct security risk assessments before contracting with suppliers.
• **11.1.2. Security Reviews:**
  • 11.1.2.1. Review suppliers' security records, certifications (ISO 27001), and security policies.
  • 11.1.2.2. Conduct security audits on critical suppliers if necessary.

11.2. Contractual Security Requirements

• **11.2.1. Including Security Requirements in Contracts:**
  • 11.2.1.1. Include detailed security requirements, including data protection and breach notification obligations, in contracts.
  • 11.1.2.2. Include requirements for penetration testing and security audits by the organization in contracts.
• **11.2.2. Service Level Agreements (SLA):**
  • 11.2.2.1. Define security and incident response requirements in SLAs with suppliers.

11.3. Continuous Monitoring

• **11.3.1. Monitoring Security Performance:**
  • 11.3.1.1. Continuously monitor the security performance of suppliers.
  • 11.3.1.2. Manage security incidents related to suppliers.

12. Industrial Control Systems Security (ICS/OT Security)

12.1. Network Segmentation

• **12.1.1. Logical and Physical Isolation:**
  • 12.1.1.1. Completely isolate ICS/OT networks from corporate IT networks.
  • 12.1.1.2. Use industrial DMZs to control access between IT and OT.
• **12.1.2. Zone and Conduit:**
  • 12.1.2.1. Use the ISA/IEC 62443 Zone and Conduit model for designing secure ICS architecture.

12.2. ICS Patch and Vulnerability Management

• **12.2.1. Unique Challenges:**
  • 12.2.1.1. Consider challenges of updating legacy systems and lack of patch support.
  • 12.2.1.2. Implement alternative solutions (compensation, isolation).
• **12.2.2. Patch Testing:**
  • 12.2.2.1. Carefully test patches in ICS/OT test and simulated environments.

12.3. ICS Endpoint Security

• **12.3.1. System Hardening:**
  • 12.3.1.1. Harden HMI operating systems, control servers, and PLCs.
  • 12.3.1.2. Disable unnecessary services and protocols.
• **12.3.2. Antivirus and Whitelisting:**
  • 12.3.2.1. Use ICS-compatible antivirus or Application Whitelisting solutions.

12.4. ICS Monitoring and Intrusion Detection

• **12.4.1. OT Traffic Monitoring:**
  • 12.4.1.1. Monitor OT network traffic to identify anomalous activities and intrusions.
  • 12.4.1.2. Use OT-specific Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS).
• **12.4.2. Log Management:**
  • 12.4.2.1. Collect and analyze logs from ICS systems.
  • 12.4.2.2. Integrate logs with SIEM or OT monitoring solutions.

13. Threat Intelligence and Threat Hunting

13.1. Threat Intelligence Sources

• **13.1.1. Threat Information Sharing:**
  • 13.1.1.1. Participate in threat information sharing forums (ISACs/ISAOs).
  • 13.1.1.2. Use reputable threat intelligence feeds (Commercial, Open-Source).
• **13.1.2. Threat Intelligence Analysis:**
  • 13.1.2.1. Analyze threat intelligence to identify threat actors, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTPs).
  • 13.1.2.2. Use frameworks like MITRE ATT&CK for understanding TTPs.

13.2. Threat Hunting

• **13.2.1. Threat Hunting Team:**
  • 13.2.1.1. Form a threat hunting team or use external services.
  • 13.2.1.2. Train the team with knowledge of attacker TTPs.
• **13.2.2. Tools and Techniques:**
  • 13.2.2.1. Use EDR, SIEM, and Network Traffic Analysis (NTA) tools for threat hunting.
  • 13.2.2.2. Use hypotheses to guide threat hunting activities (e.g., "Has attacker X used technique Y?").

14. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Security (AI/ML Security)

14.1. Security of AI/ML Systems

• **14.1.1. Defense Against Adversarial Attacks:**
  • 14.1.1.1. Protect AI/ML systems against adversarial attacks like poisoning and evasion.
  • 14.1.1.2. Use defensive techniques like Adversarial Training.
• **14.1.2. Protection of Training Data:**
  • 14.1.2.1. Protect the training data of AI/ML models.
  • 14.1.2.2. Use techniques like Differential Privacy to preserve data privacy.

14.2. Using AI/ML in Security

• **14.2.1. Anomaly Detection:**
  • 14.2.1.1. Use AI/ML for anomaly detection in network traffic, user behavior, and logs.
• **14.2.2. Threat Prediction:**
  • 14.2.2.1. Use AI/ML to predict emerging threats and identify attack patterns.
• **14.2.3. Automated Incident Response (SOAR):**
  • 14.2.3.1. Integrate AI/ML with SOAR platforms to automate and accelerate incident response.

15. Security Operations (SecOps) and SOAR

15.1. Security Operations Center (SOC)

• **15.1.1. SOC Setup and Equipping:**
  • 15.1.1.1. Establish an in-house or outsourced SOC for 24/7/365 monitoring.
  • 15.1.1.2. Equip the SOC with necessary tools (SIEM, EDR, SOAR, Threat Intelligence).
• **15.1.2. SOC Processes:**
  • 15.1.2.1. Define processes for alert management, triage, investigation, and incident response.
  • 15.1.2.2. Define KPIs and Metrics to measure SOC efficiency.

15.2. Security Orchestration, Automation, and Response (SOAR)

• **15.2.1. SOAR Implementation:**
  • 15.2.1.1. Deploy a SOAR platform to automate repetitive tasks and orchestrate incident response.
  • 15.2.1.2. Create security playbooks and workflows in SOAR.
• **15.2.2. Tool Integration:**
  • 15.2.2.1. Integrate SOAR with SIEM, EDR, firewalls, and other security tools.

16. Auditing and Logging

16.1. Logging Policy

• **16.1.1. Policy Definition:**
  • 16.1.1.1. Define a comprehensive logging policy for all log types (system, application, network, security).
  • 16.1.1.2. Specify log data type, detail level, format, and storage location.
• **16.1.2. Logging Systems:**
  • 16.1.2.1. Collect logs from all critical systems.
  • 16.1.2.2. Use Network Time Protocol (NTP) for time synchronization across all systems.

16.2. Log Retention and Protection

• **16.2.1. Secure Storage:**
  • 16.2.1.1. Store logs securely and centrally (using SIEM or centralized solutions).
  • 16.2.1.2. Ensure logs are tamper-proof (Immutable Logs).
• **16.2.2. Log Retention:**
  • 16.2.2.1. Retain logs for the required duration (based on compliance requirements and business needs).
  • 16.2.2.2. Regularly review and test log archives.

16.3. Log Analysis and Auditing

• **16.3.1. Log Analysis:**
  • 16.3.1.1. Regularly analyze logs to identify security events, suspicious patterns, and breaches.
  • 16.3.1.2. Use log analysis tools and AI/ML to enhance effectiveness.
• **16.3.2. Log Auditing:**
  • 16.3.2.1. Retain logs for auditing and forensic analysis purposes.
  • 16.3.2.2. Restrict access to logs for authorized teams.

17. Endpoint Security Management

17.1. Endpoint Protection

• **17.1.1. Antivirus and Anti-malware:**
  • 17.1.1.1. Install and activate up-to-date antivirus and anti-malware software on all endpoints (Workstations, Servers).
  • 17.1.1.2. Regularly update signatures.
• **17.1.2. EDR/XDR:**
  • 17.1.2.1. Use Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) or Extended Detection and Response (XDR) solutions to detect and respond to advanced threats.
• **17.1.3. Local Firewall:**
  • 17.1.3.1. Enable and configure local firewalls on all endpoints.

17.2. Endpoint Hardening

• **17.2.1. Secure Configuration:**
  • 17.2.1.1. Apply Group Policy Objects (GPO) for operating system hardening.
  • 17.2.1.2. Disable unnecessary services and applications.
• **17.2.2. Patch Management:**
  • 17.2.2.1. Regularly apply operating system and application security patches.
• **17.2.3. Disk Encryption:**
  • 17.2.3.1. Enforce Full Disk Encryption (FDE) for all laptops and mobile devices.

17.3. Mobile Device Management (MDM/UEM)

• **17.3.1. MDM/UEM Deployment:**
  • 17.3.1.1. Deploy an MDM or Unified Endpoint Management (UEM) solution to manage and secure mobile devices.
• **17.3.2. Mobile Security Policies:**
  • 17.3.2.1. Enforce password policies, screen lock, remote wipe, and encryption for mobile devices.
  • 17.3.2.2. Restrict mobile device access to organizational resources.

18. Database Security

18.1. Database Hardening

• **18.1.1. Secure Configuration:**
  • 18.1.1.1. Change default passwords.
  • 18.1.1.2. Disable unnecessary ports and services.
  • 18.1.1.3. Regularly apply security patches and updates.
• **18.1.2. Database Isolation:**
  • 18.1.2.1. Isolate databases from web servers and applications.
  • 18.1.2.2. Use Database Firewalls.

18.2. Database Access Management

• **18.2.1. Least Privilege Principle:**
  • 18.2.1.1. Limit user and application access to the database to the minimum required.
  • 18.2.1.2. Eliminate shared user accounts.
• **18.2.2. Strong Authentication:**
  • 18.2.2.1. Use strong authentication for database access.
  • 18.2.2.2. Restrict direct database login and manage access through applications.

18.3. Database Encryption and Data Protection

• **18.3.1. Sensitive Data Encryption:**
  • 18.3.1.1. Encrypt sensitive data in the database (transparent data encryption, column-level encryption).
  • 18.3.1.2. Use Tokenization or Data Masking to protect highly sensitive data.
• **18.3.2. Database Monitoring and Auditing:**
  • 18.3.2.1. Log and audit database activities, especially access to sensitive data and configuration changes.
  • 18.3.2.2. Use Database Activity Monitoring (DAM) tools.

19. Security Operations (SecOps) and Identity Exploitation

19.1. Vulnerability Management

• **19.1.1. Regular Scanning:**
  • 19.1.1.1. Conduct regular scans to identify new vulnerabilities.
  • 19.1.1.2. Prioritize and remediate vulnerabilities based on risk level.
• **19.1.2. Periodic Penetration Testing:**
  • 19.1.2.1. Schedule regular and comprehensive penetration tests for critical systems and applications.

19.2. Protection Against Identity Exploitation

• **19.2.1. Anomaly Detection:**
  • 19.2.1.1. Use User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) tools to detect suspicious behavioral patterns.
  • 19.1.2.2. Monitor access to sensitive resources.
• **19.2.2. Social Engineering Training:**
  • 19.2.2.1. Train employees on social engineering and phishing attacks.
  • 19.2.2.2. Conduct phishing and social engineering simulations.

20. Additional Considerations and Best Practices

20.1. Defense-in-Depth Security Design

• **20.1.1. Security Layers:**
  • 20.1.1.1. Implement multiple layers of security controls (physical, network, system, application, data, training).
  • 20.1.1.2. Each layer should complement the next and cover potential weaknesses.

20.2. Secure Configuration Management

• **20.2.1. Baseline Configuration Definition:**
  • 20.2.1.1. Define secure baseline configurations for operating systems, applications, and network devices.
  • 20.2.1.2. Regularly review and update configurations.
• **20.2.2. Configuration Management Tools:**
  • 20.2.2.1. Use automated configuration management tools (e.g., Ansible, Puppet, Chef) to apply and maintain secure configurations.

20.3. Migration Security

• **20.3.1. Pre-Migration Risk Assessment:**
  • 20.3.1.1. Conduct a security risk assessment before migrating systems or data.
• **20.3.2. Secure Planning:**
  • 20.3.2.1. Develop migration plans considering security aspects (encryption, access control).